layout: default title: Skinning parent: "A4: Animation" nav_order: 3 permalink: /animation/skinning usemathjax: true

# Linear Blend Skinning

Now that we have a skeleton set up, we need to link the skeleton to the mesh in order to get the mesh to follow the movements of the skeleton. We will implement linear blend skinning using the following functions: Skeleton::skin(), Skeleton::find_joints(), and closest_on_line_segment.

The easiest way to do this is to update each of mesh vertices' positions in relation to the bones (Joints) in the skeleton. As a refreshed, there are 4 types of coordinate spaces: bind, pose, skeleton, and world. * Bind Joint space: The origin of this space corresponds to the start of joint $. Rotations of the joints (so-called "poses") are not considered in this space. * Posed Joint space: The origin of this space corresponds to the start of joint $ (based on the poses of all other joints). Rotations of the joints (so-called "poses") are considered in this space. * Skeleton space: The origin of this space corresponds to the origin of the skeleton and no additional transformations are applied. * World space: The origin of this space is the origin of the world and no additional transformations are applied.

You'll want to compute transforms that take vertices in bind space and convert them to posed space (Hint: joint_to_bind, joint_to_posed, and Mat4::inverse() will come in handy.)

Your implementation should have the following basic steps for each vertex:

• Compute the vertex's position with respect to each joint $ in the skeleton in $'s coordinate frame when no transformations have been applied to the skeleton (bind pose, vertex bind position).

• Find where this vertex would end up (in world coordinates) if it were transformed along with bone $.

• Find the closest point on joint $'s bone segment (axis) and compute the distance to this closest point. Make sure the point you return is actually on the bone segment! (Hint: closest_on_line_segment might come in handy). - Diagram of closest_on_line_segment:

• Compute the resulting position of the vertex by doing a weighted average of the bind-to-posed transforms from each bone and applying it to the vertex. The weights for the weighted average should be the inverse distance to the joint, so closer bones have a stronger influence.

Below we have an equation representation. The $ vertex $ is the new vertex position. The weight $ is the weight metric computed as the inverse of distance between the $ vertex and the closest point on joint $. We multiply this term with the position of the $ vertex $ with respect to joint $ after joint's transformations has been applied.

$ $

In Scotty3D, the Skeleton::skin() function gets called on every frame draw iteration, recomputing all skinning related quantities. In this function, you should read vertices from input.verts() and indices from input.indices(), and write the resulting positions and norms to v.pos and v.norm for every vertex in the input vertices list.

You will be implementing a Capsule-Radius Linear Blend Skin method, which only moves vertices with a joint if they lie in the joint's radius. The Skeleton::skin() function also takes in a map of vertex index to relevant joints that you must compute the above distance/transformation metrics on. You are also responsible for creating this map, which is done so in Skeleton::find_joints(). Don't worry about calling this function, it is called automatically before skin is called, populating the map field and sending it over to the skin() function. Your Skeleton::find_joints() implementation should iterate over all the vertices and add joint $ to vertex index $ in the map if the distance between the vertex and joint is less than j->radius (remember make sure they're both in the same coordinate frame.)

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